"Nenhuma Pessoa Idosa Merece Passar por Isso": Compreensão da Violência para Mulheres Gerontes / "Ninguna Persona Adulta Mayor Merece Pasar Por Esto": Comprensión de la Violencia para las Mujeres Adultas Mayores / "No Elderly Person Deserves to Go Through This": Understanding Violence Towards Elderly Women

Resumo Introdução: A violência contra idosos é um fenômeno crescente, ocasionando prejuízos à saúde, com diferentes desfechos e consequências às vítimas. A chance de idosas sofrerem-na no âmbito familiar supera a dos homens, sendo o gênero um fator de risco considerável. Objetivo: Analisar a compreensão da violência contra pessoas idosas segundo mulheres gerontes. Metodologia: Pesquisa descritiva com abordagem qualitativa desenvolvida com 22 idosas de uma comunidade no estado da Paraíba, Brasil, escolhidas por conveniência. Utilizou-se para coleta de dados entrevistas semiestruturadas, processadas pelo software Iramuteq, com posterior Análise de Conteúdo. Resultados: Foram evidenciadas cinco classes: ciclo de violência; rede de apoio ao idoso vítima de violência; Vivência de situações violentas; violência financeira; e simbologia da violência na sociedade, as quais denotam compreensão da violência envolvendo os diferentes tipos. Apoiam-se nos fatores da vivência familiar, cultura e outros, consubstanciando o profissional de saúde como fundamental para o desfecho. O gênero influenciou no que concerne ao olhar lançado sobre a violência física e psicológica, bem como na relevância dada às equipes de saúde para identificação de ocorrências e prevenção de possíveis danos. Conclusão: Os diversos tipos de violência contra a pessoa idosa foram reconhecidos, incluindo fatores individuais, comunitários e sociais no ciclo violento. Além disso, associaram o envelhecimento a maior suscetibilidade para sofrer violência, independente da tipologia. Destaca-se a potencialidade do serviço de saúde na assistência à pessoa idosa vítima de violência, elucidando casos e atuando precocemente para interrupção dos ciclos perpetrados, exigindo a necessidade constante de atualização profissional para lidar com situações detectadas.

Resumen Introducción: La violencia contra las personas adultas mayores es un fenómeno creciente, que causa daños a la salud, con diferentes desenlaces y consecuencias para las víctimas. La posibilidad de que las mujeres adultas mayores la sufran en el ámbito familiar supera la de los hombres, siendo el género un factor de riesgo considerable. Objetivo: Analizar la comprensión de la violencia contra las personas mayores según las mujeres adultas mayores. Metodología: Investigación descriptiva con enfoque cualitativo desarrollada con 22 mujeres adultas mayores de una comunidad en el estado de Paraíba, Brasil, elegidas por conveniencia. Para la recolección de datos, se utilizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas, procesadas por el software Iramuteq, con posterior análisis de contenido. Resultados: Se evidenciaron cinco tipos de violencia: ciclo de la violencia, red de apoyo población adulta mayor víctima de violencia, experimentar situaciones violentas, violencia financiera y simbología de la violencia en la sociedad, que denotan la comprensión de la violencia de diferentes tipos. Estas ideas están respaldadas en los factores de la experiencia familiar, la cultura y otros, donde la persona profesional de la salud se identifica como fundamental para el cuidado y apoyo. El género influyó en la mirada lanzada sobre la violencia física y psicológica, así como en la relevancia dada a los equipos de salud para la identificación de sucesos y la prevención de posibles daños. Conclusión: Se han reconocido los diversos tipos de violencia contra las personas mayores, incluidos los factores individuales, comunitarios y sociales en el ciclo de violencia. Además, asociaron el envejecimiento con una mayor susceptibilidad a sufrir violencia, independientemente de la tipología. Destaca la potencialidad del servicio de salud en la asistencia a la persona mayor víctima de violencia, mediante la identificación de casos y la actuación temprana para la interrupción de los ciclos perpetrados. De manera que, se evidencia la necesidad constante de actualización profesional para hacer frente a situaciones detectadas.

Abstract Introduction: Violence against the elderly is a growing phenomenon, causing damage to health, with different outcomes and consequences to the victims. The possibility of elderly women suffering it in the family context surpasses that of men, with gender being a considerable risk factor. Objective: To analyze the understanding of violence against the elderly according to elderly women. Method: Descriptive research with a qualitative approach developed with 22 elderly women from a community in the state of Paraíba, Brazil, chosen for convenience. The data collection was based on semi-structured interviews, processed by the Iramuteq software, with subsequent Content Analysis. Results: Five classes of violence against the elderly were evidenced: cycle of violence; support network for the elderly victims of violence; experience of violent situations; financial violence; and symbolism of violence in society, which denote an understanding of violence involving the different types. They are based on the factors of family experience, culture, and others, placing the health professional as a fundamental element for care and support. Gender influenced the perspective on physical and psychological violence, as well as the relevance given to health teams for the identification of occurrences and the prevention of possible damage. Conclusion: The various types of violence against the elderly have been recognized, including individual, community, and social factors in the violent cycle. In addition, they associated aging with greater susceptibility to suffering violence, regardless of the typology. It highlights the potential of the health service in assisting the elderly victim of violence, elucidating cases, and acting early to interrupt the cycles perpetrated, requiring the constant need for professional updating to deal with detected situations.

Developing and implementing survivor-centred approaches for college student-athletes: perspectives from athletic department, Title IX, and campus advocacy personnel.

ABSTRACTBackground: Sexual violence (SV) is a persistent issue on US college campuses, particularly among college student-athletes. Strategies to address SV are urgently needed. Yet, prior research shows that many university practices can be more harmful than helpful to SV survivors and necessitates a reimagination of how institutions support SV survivors. Survivor-centred approaches may be one way to effectively address SV for students, including student-athletes, across college campuses.Objective: This qualitative study explored campus personnel experiences with and perceptions of survivor-centred SV prevention and intervention policies and practices on college campuses and examined how these approaches serve SV survivors, including college student-athletes.Methods: As part of a larger study on campus SV and student-athletes across four institutions, semi-structured interviews with 22 representatives from athletic departments, campus advocacy, and Title IX were conducted. Guided by phenomenology, a thematic analysis approach was used to identify key patterns in survivor-centred SV prevention and intervention policies and practices. Participant demographic data were analysed descriptively.Results: Most participants identified as white (72.2%), heterosexual (63.6%), women (68.2%), and were an average of 41.8 years old (SD = 10.2). The majority were in positions associated with athletic departments (63.6%), and they had been in their role for an average of 5.6 years (SD = 6.6). Through thematic analysis, three main themes were identified: (1) education & accessibility; (2) interpersonal relationships & individual well-being; and (3) campus and societal norms.Conclusions: The findings from this study highlight clear policy and practice recommendations for survivor-centred SV prevention and intervention on college campuses, such as accessible, applicable SV training and the implementation of survivor-centred approaches. Further research is needed to understand existing survivor-centred practices and the facilitators and barriers to their implementation across institutions and within athletic departments.

Sexual violence is a persistent issue on US college campuses, particularly among college student-athletes. Strategies to address SV are urgently needed. Survivor-centred approaches may offer solutions to better serve survivors of sexual violence, including student-athletes.Through interviews with athletic department, Title IX, and campus advocacy personnel, three themes were identified related to developing and implementing survivor-centred approaches: (1) education & accessibility; (2) interpersonal relationships & individual well-being; and (3) campus and societal norms.Further research is needed to understand existing survivor-centred practices and the facilitators and barriers to their implementation across institutions, particularly for college student-athletes.

[Health consequences of violence against women by the couple]. / Consecuencias para la salud de la violencia contra la mujer por la pareja.

Intimate partner violence against women (IPV) has devastating effects on the healthcare and well-being of women and their children. Physical, psychological, and social consequences, a worse perception of their own health, and loss of quality of life are well-documented, while aftereffects persist in time even after the end of abuse. Psychological consequences of abuse last longer and are more serious. IPV also affects sons and daughters, disabled people, family, and the attacker himself. Many health problems, both physical and mental, that lead women to go to healthcare services in search of help have an origin in the violence they experience. Treatment of the symptoms without awareness of its relation to such violence favours medicalization, iatrogenesis, and chronification. Psychological violence poses a threat that is invisible, subtle, cumulative, and difficult to detect; it is, however, the most destructive.

There's Something about Uvalde: American Patriarchy and the Slaughter of Innocents.

After every school shooting in the United States both a wish and a fear arise: Will this be the one? Will this be the tipping point for change in a nation so deeply divided over the meaning of "the right to bear arms?" Sandy Hook, Connecticut? No. Parkland, Florida? No. So, why might the killing of 19 children and 2 teachers in Uvalde, Texas, prove different? The American epidemic of mass school shootings betrays a country's willingness to let its children disappear, to sacrifice them on the altar of an archetypally violent ethos. While the internal experiences of alienation, resentment and contempt are often at play in the individuals who carry out such violence, the author suggests that the uniquely American glorification of "the lone wolf", the "rugged individual" and the "misunderstood hero" fuels a supportive background for mass shooters in a nation that appears to be enamoured of ancient patriarchal attitudes as it doubles down on its valuing of weaponry. Such patriarchal attitudes, underscored by capitalism and the profits of the gun industry, are implicated in the territorial adhesion to American gun rights and in the high cost paid by the blood of innocents. Drawing on Vestergaard & Odde's (2021) concepts of socio-analysis and sociality, this paper explores the dynamic process of "mass-character" marked by "contagion, imitation, attraction and repulsion" that convolute cultural values of heritage and freedom into the perverse expression of mass violence.

Aux États­Unis, après chaque fusillade dans une école, un souhait et une crainte surgissent à la fois : est­ce que celle­ci fera une différence? Marquera­t­elle le point de basculement d'un changement dans une nation si profondément divisée sur la signification du « droit de porter des armes ¼? Sandy Hook, dans le Connecticut? Non. Santa Fe, au Texas? Non. Alors, pourquoi l'assassinat de 19 enfants et de 2 enseignants à Uvalde, au Texas, pourrait­il s'avérer différent? L'épidémie américaine de fusillades de masse dans les écoles trahit la volonté d'un pays de laisser ses enfants disparaître, de les sacrifier sur l'autel d'une philosophe archétypale de la violence. Alors que les expériences internes d'aliénation, de ressentiment et de mépris sont souvent en jeu chez les individus qui commettent de telles violences, l'auteur suggère que la glorification typiquement américaine du « loup solitaire ¼, de « l'individu robuste ¼ et du « héros incompris ¼ alimente un arrière­plan favorable aux tireurs de masse. Ceci dans une nation qui semble éprise d'anciennes attitudes patriarcales et qui persiste et signe concernant son attachement pour les armes. De telles attitudes patriarcales, soulignées par le capitalisme et les profits de l'industrie des armes à feu, sont impliquées dans l'adhésion territoriale aux droits américains sur les armes à feu et dans le coût élevé payé par le sang d'innocents. S'appuyant sur les concepts de socioanalyse et de socialité de Vestergaard et Odde (2021), cet article explore le processus dynamique du « caractère de masse ¼ marqué par « la contagion, l'imitation, l'attrait et la répulsion ¼ qui tournent les valeurs culturelles liées au patrimoine et à la liberté en une expression perverse de violence de masse.

Después de cada tiroteo en un colegio de Estados Unidos surge un deseo y un temor: ¿será éste? ¿Será éste el punto de inflexión para el cambio en una nación tan profundamente dividida sobre el significado del "derecho a portar armas"? ¿Sandy Hook, Connecticut? No. ¿Santa Fe, Texas? No. Entonces, ¿por qué la matanza de 19 niños y 2 profesores en Uvalde, Texas, podría ser diferente? La epidemia estadounidense de tiroteos masivos en escuelas revela la voluntad de un país de dejar desaparecer a sus niños, de sacrificarlos en el altar de un ethos arquetípicamente violento. Aunque las experiencias internas de alienación, resentimiento y desprecio suelen ponerse en juego en los individuos que llevan a cabo este tipo de violencia, la autora sugiere que la glorificación exclusivamente estadounidense del "lobo solitario", el "individuo rudo" y el "héroe incomprendido" alimenta un trasfondo de sostén para los autores de tiroteos masivos, en una nación que parece estar enamorada de antiguas actitudes patriarcales mientras redobla su valoración del armamento. Dichas actitudes patriarcales, acentuadas por el capitalismo y los beneficios de la industria armamentística, están implicadas en la adhesión territorial al derecho estadounidense a las armas y en el alto costo pagado por la sangre de inocentes. Basándose en los conceptos de socioanálisis y socialidad de Vestergaard y Odde (2021), este artículo explora el proceso dinámico del "carácter de masas", marcado por el "contagio, la imitación, la atracción y la repulsión", que convierte los valores culturales del patrimonio y la libertad en la expresión perversa de la violencia de masas.

Violence as a Health Problem.

Violence is a public health problem, and when it affects childhood, it can cause illness throughout the individual's life. Apart from being able to cause damage in the physical, mental and social spheres, it represents a violation of the rights of the affected children, and a high consumption of resources, both economic and social. A multitude of investigations have improved attention to this violence. However, these advances are not consistent with the practical management of victims, both in Primary and Hospital Care. There is a significant area of improvement for paediatric care. Through this article, different professionals from all established paediatric health care facilities develop general lines of knowledge and action regarding violence against children. An overview is taken of the legislation related to childhood, the different types of abuse that exist, their effects, management and prevention. It concludes with an epilogue, through which we aim to move sensibilities. In summary, this work aims to promote the training and awareness of all professionals specialized in children's health, so that they pursue the goal of achieving their patients' greatest potential in life, and in this way, to help create a healthier society, with less disease, and more justice.

A pandemia de COVID-19 e casos de violência doméstica: percepções de profissionais da atenção primária à saúde no contexto de isolamento social / The COVID-19 pandemic and cases of domestic violence: perceptions of primary healthcare professionals in the context of social isolation / La pandemia de COVID-19 y la violencia doméstica: percepción de los profesionales de atención primaria de salud en el contexto del aislamiento social

Objetivo: analisar as percepções de profissionais da atenção primária à saúde de Paranaguá/PR sobre as relações entre a pandemia de COVID-19 e casos de violência doméstica em seus territórios adscritos, identificando desafios na abordagem, impactos nas famílias e manejo dos casos. Metodologia: pesquisa qualitativa com entrevistas semiestruturadas e grupos focais com 36 profissionais de duas unidades básicas de saúde de Paranaguá, litoral paranaense. Resultados: profissionais da atenção primária à saúde foram unânimes em relatar o aumento no número de casos de violência doméstica naquelas comunidades, com impactos tanto para mulheres, quanto para crianças e adolescentes, sendo o fechamento das escolas um fator agravante. Como principais desafios, foram reportados: a desestruturação da atenção primária à saúde durante o auge da pandemia com deslocamento de profissionais e recursos; desinformação sobre fluxos de encaminhamento nos casos de violência doméstica na rede intersetorial; medo dos profissionais, tanto da pandemia, quanto de denunciar casos de violência doméstica; e rotatividade de profissionais. Conclusão: o período de isolamento social causado pela pandemia intensificou os casos de violência doméstica segundo as percepções de profissionais da atenção primária à saúde de Paranaguá. O desmonte da rede intersetorial prejudicou ainda mais o cuidado de pessoas em situação de vulnerabilidade e/ou violência. A ausência de diretrizes nacionais do governo federal deixou municípios e profissionais da atenção primária à saúde à própria sorte para lidar com o problema.

Objective: to analyze the perceptions of primary health care professionals in Paranaguá/PR about the relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and cases of domestic violence in their assigned territories, identifying challenges in the approach, impacts on families and case management. Methodology: qualitative research was conducted using semi-structured interviews and focus groups with 36 professionals from two primary health care units in Paranaguá, on the Paraná coast. Results: primary health care professionals unanimously reported an increase in the number of domestic violence cases in those communities, affecting women, children, and adolescents, with the closure of schools identified as an aggravating factor. The main challenges highlighted were the disruption of primary health care services during the peak of the pandemic due to the reallocation of professionals and resources; misinformation about referral processes for domestic violence cases within the intersectoral network; fear among professionals regarding the pandemic and reporting domestic violence cases; and high staff turnover. Conclusion: the period of social isolation caused by the pandemic intensified domestic violence cases, according to the perceptions of primary health care professionals in Paranaguá. The dismantling of the intersectoral network further compromised the care of individuals in situations of vulnerability and/or violence. The absence of national guidelines from the federal government left municipalities and primary health care professionals on their own to deal with the issue.

Objetivo: analizar las percepciones de los profesionales de la atención primaria de salud de Paranaguá/PR sobre las relaciones entre la pandemia de COVID-19 y los casos de violencia doméstica en sus territorios asignados, identificando desafíos en el abordaje, impactos en las familias y gestión de casos. Metodología: investigación cualitativa con entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupos focales con 36 profesionales de dos unidades básicas de salud de Paranaguá, en la costa de Paraná. Resultados: los profesionales de la atención primaria de salud fueron unánimes al reportar el aumento del número de casos de violencia doméstica en esas comunidades, con afectaciones tanto a mujeres, niños y adolescentes, siendo el cierre de escuelas un agravante. Se informaron los principales desafíos: la interrupción de la atención primaria de salud durante el apogeo de la pandemia con el desplazamiento de profesionales y recursos; desinformación sobre los flujos de derivación de casos de violencia doméstica en la red intersectorial; miedo entre los profesionales, tanto a la pandemia como a denunciar casos de violencia doméstica; y rotación profesional. Conclusión: el período de aislamiento social provocado por la pandemia intensificó los casos de violencia doméstica según la percepción de los profesionales de la atención primaria de salud en Paranaguá. El desmantelamiento de la red intersectorial perjudicó aún más la atención a personas en situación de vulnerabilidad y/o violencia. La ausencia de directrices nacionales por parte del gobierno federal dejó a los municipios y a los profesionales de atención primaria de salud a su suerte a la hora de abordar el problema.

[Sexual violence and young people: "it is not something you are born with, but with what you learn"]. / Violencia sexual y jóvenes: «no es algo con lo que naces, sino con lo que aprendes¼.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the perceptions and experiences of young people in Spain about sexual violence (SV), its possible causes, victims and perpetrators.. METHOD: Qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews with 22 young people between 18 and 24 years old. A qualitative content analysis was carried out. RESULTS: In the juvenile narratives, the lack of definition and accuracy about what SV is stands out, except for mentioning rape, lack of consent and use of force in sexual relations. The girls, self-perceived as the main victims, also break with these narratives by providing a broader vision and gender inequalities related. In general, the most prevailed idea is that VS is perpetrated by men against women in heterosexual relationships inside and outside the couple. Regarding explanations, references coexist to both contextual factors (linked to gender inequalities and the social construction of sexual relationships) and behavioural factors (which includes the viewing of pornography). Tentatively proposals for improvement related to sexual and affective education emerge. CONCLUSIONS: In the perceptions of the young people, ambiguity seems to coexist with explicit references to the different ways in which it manifests itself and the influence of gender inequalities. Sex and life experience appear to influence these narratives. It is necessary to promote a more critical perspective on the social construction of SV and intimate relationships in the young population.

[Impact of care for victims of gender violence on the health professionals]. / Impacto de la atención a las víctimas de violencia de género en los y las profesionales de la salud.

Professionals who work with women victims of gender violence face difficult emotional situations, and it is important to be aware of the emotions and feelings that the attitudes and behaviour of victims and aggressors generate in them. These emotions can become barriers to communication and seriously affect the professional's relationship with victims. Furthermore, they can generate situations of sustained stress, lead to emotional exhaustion, and affect their health, life, and work performance. We describe the consequences, risk factors and warning signs, as well as protective or resilience factors, that are important to know, and we list the current challenges and some recommendations for professionals and management in order to help prevent such effects and improve professional performance without health risks.

Intervenções de enfermagem na prevenção da violência em contexto Forense: uma Scoping Review / Nursing interventions to prevent violence in forensic settings: a scoping review

Introdução: Atualmente, a violência, por ser um fenómeno complexo e dinâmico, exige, dos enfermeiros em geral e em particular daqueles que trabalham em serviços de psiquiatria forense, uma compreensão multidimensional e intervenções sistémicas e resilientes. Objetivo: Mapear as intervenções implementadas pelos enfermeiros, para prevenção da violência por parte das pessoas internadas, em serviços de psiquiatria forense. Metodologia: Protocolo de Scoping Review com base nos princípios preconizados pelo Joanna Briggs Institute, considerando os materiais bibliográficos publicados de janeiro de 2018 a julho de 2023, nas bases de dados CINAHL e MEDLINE e selecionados com recurso à plataforma Rayyan. Esta revisão considerou a inclusão de estudos, independentemente da área geográfica ou do desenho, nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol, disponíveis sem custos para os revisores. Esta pesquisa procura responder à questão norteadora, fundamentada pela estratégia PopulaçãoConceito-Contexto (PCC): Que intervenções são implementadas pelos enfermeiros, para prevenção da violência por parte das pessoas internadas, em contexto de psiquiatria forense? Resultados: Foram incluídos quatro artigos na revisão e identificadas intervenções e programas de treino para a prevenção/redução da violência, pelos enfermeiros, em serviços de psiquiatria forense. Espera-se que os resultados possam contribuir para melhorar a prática de cuidados à pessoa com doença mental nestes contextos. Conclusão: Esta pesquisa identificou intervenções e programas de treino sustentados, dois deles baseados na Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental, para prevenção da violência por parte das pessoas internadas, em serviços de psiquiatria forense. Mais estudos devem ser realizados para identificar intervenções inovadoras com foco na prevenção/redução do comportamento violento das pessoas internadas em serviços de psiquiatria forense.

[Addressing sexual violence in health services]. / La violencia sexual y su abordaje en el sistema de salud.

Sexual violence is a very underdetected public health problem, with important short and long-term consequences on physical, mental, social, sexual and reproductive health, which must be taken into account by health services. Health systems are part of the set of resources necessary for a comprehensive approach from the ecological model: prevention and promotion of healthy sexuality with equality, adequate and coordinated care in the event of sexual assault and subsequent support to prevent sequelae. All sexual violence has health consequences, even those that may seem less serious such as sexual harassment or sexual cyberviolence. We must know the needs of the victim and their possible emotional reactions. A risk assessment will be carried out, the victim will be referred to a hospital if necessary and comprehensive and integrated care will be provided. Care and follow-up must focus on the survivor and with professionals trained in trauma to understand the consequences of sexual violence, offer a safe and trusting environment and know how to reinforce their qualities and support.

[Ethical and legal aspects of violence against women]. / Aspectos éticos y legales de la violencia sobre la mujer.

Caring for female victims of violence presents health professionals with situations that require careful consideration due to the conflicts raised between the fundamental principles of bioethics. During this process, intermediate courses of action should be adopted in which none of the affected principles is totally compromised, yet always take into account due compliance with legal and deontological regulations. Within these conflicts, the possible impact on the autonomy of the victim must be taken into consideration, conditioned by the relationship of dominance with respect to their aggressor, a fundamental characteristic of gender violence. However, the fact that there is a legal obligation to issue an injury report or to communicate a well-founded suspicion of abuse is not enough to ignore the fact that the person, in this case the victim, must be a participant in the process. As such, the doctor has the obligation to inform his or her patient about this legal requirement, dedicating all the time and attention necessary to ensure that the victim understands the purpose and benefits of complying with this. In any case, and beyond the appropriate adaptation of the professional's conduct to current precepts, the ethical principle of care must be adhered to, by which the best thing the professional can do is to provide the victim with the means to avoid the repetition of new attacks, implementing prevention measures that have their origin in the accurate diagnosis of the situation of violence and in the communication of this to the authorities.

[Primary prevention of gender-based violence]. / Prevención primaria de la violencia de género.

Gender-based violence is a serious public health problem and a violation of human rights. The vast scale of the problem indicates that it is necessary to advance in its primary prevention. The health sector has an important role to play, especially Primary Health Care, based on its community orientation and with the involvement of all members of the team. The intervention framework defined by the acronym "RESPECT", promoted by the World Health Organization, shows the 7 strategies that are currently promising to lead to reductions in gender-based violence, based on the best scientific evidence available to date. Using a participatory, life-cycle approach, promoting coordination and partnership across sectors, and implementing combined interventions are some of the guiding principles from which to work today.

Rethinking sexual violence labels: exploring the impact of 'victim' and 'survivor' discourse.

Background: Universities' responses to sexual violence have faced scrutiny for their lack of proactiveness and their failure to address campus socio-cultural norms that contribute to rape myth acceptance. The labels victim and survivor play a crucial role in shaping attitudes toward sexual violence, but there is limited research on how university students perceive these labels.Objective: This paper explores sexual violence labels and their role in perpetuating rape culture. Undergraduate university students' beliefs on using the label survivor instead of victim to describe someone who has experienced sexual violence were examined to consider how these labels create societal discourse on sexual violence.Method: The study draws on qualitative data collected from undergraduate students in Canada and the United States through open-response questions in an interactive textbook. Data were analysed and interpreted using a multi-method approach that combined principles of Critical Discourse Analysis and Feminist Poststructuralism. Direct quotes and word clouds from participants' responses are used as evidence and to visually display discourse.Results: Findings revealed that participants recognised the negative societal discourses associated with the label victim and supported using survivor to challenge perceptions of sexual violence. Despite this, participants expressed hesitancy to adopt the label survivor because of the potential negative implications, such as the label promoting the allocation of individual blame, increasing barriers to justice, and reducing the perceived severity of sexual violence.Conclusions: This study underscores the complexities of sexual violence labels, the influence of language in shaping societal perceptions, and the need for a more comprehensive and equitable approach to responding to sexual violence.

Dichotomy of Labels and Nuanced Perceptions: Sexual violence labels shape identity perceptions. Participants dichotomised the labels victim and survivor, associating one with negative attributes and the other with positive attributes. However, nuanced views of how people perceive and identify with these labels challenge distinct categories. Victims being negatively perceived, while survivors are admired for their resiliency highlights complexities in societal expectations that may not fully address the underlying determinants of sexual violence.Role of Language in Reproduction of Rape Culture: Poststructuralist theories emphasise the role of language in the production and maintenance of discourse. The study shows that victim discourse is steeped in rape myths. The historical discourse surrounding the label may contribute to the perpetuation of negative attitudes and behaviours toward victims of sexual violence. The emergence of the label survivor reflects a societal shift, but findings suggest this may lead to societal complacency towards sexual violence.Spectrum of Severity and Societal Empathy: Participants' understanding of sexual violence as a spectrum of severity may lead to unequal levels of empathy and support. This discourse creates positions of dominance and oppression, potentially marginalising certain groups who are disproportionately affected by sexual violence. The study highlights how severity discourse can influence institutional agendas and may result in political and institutional neglect of sexual violence.

Alteraciones de la salud humana por artefactos explosivos improvisados. Revisión sistemática exploratoria / Alterations of human health due to improvised explosive devices. Exploratory systematic review / Mudanças na saúde humana devido a dispositivos explosivos improvisados. Revisão sistemática exploratória

Objetivo: revisar la literatura existente indagando por los tipos de lesión o enfermedad que se han identificado en supervivientes de artefactos explosivos improvisados (AEI), así como aspectos individuales y colectivos relacionados con la protección o destrucción de la salud humana enfrentada a los AEI. Metodología: revisión sistemática exploratoria de literatura publicada en bases de datos, como PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, JSTOR, OpenGrey y Google Scholar, entre 2001 a 2021 en cualquier localización geográfica. Se incluyeron artículos de investigación, de revisión o reflexión, libros o capítulos de libro de investigación e informes técnicos, en inglés, español, francés y portugués. Resultados: cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y fueron revisados 76 documentos. Se han reportado múltiples lesiones asociadas al uso de los AEI, sin que exista un patrón característico de lesión o enfermedad; no obstante, la lesión más común es la amputación bilateral de miembros inferiores. En supervivientes se ha encontrado que el personal militar afectado suele mostrar una mayor capacidad de resiliencia, calidad de vida, tratamiento oportuno y capacidad física funcional más alta, comparado con civiles. El apoyo social genera efectos positivos en la salud y bienestar de los afectados. Conclusiones: los AEI generan múltiples afectaciones a la salud humana, físicas y psicosociales, los cuales requieren una atención integral y multidisciplinaria para el tratamiento, rehabilitación y reintegración de los supervivientes. Los aspectos protectores y destructivos identificados se encuentran asociados a mejores o peores resultados en la salud, existe una representación desigual entre civiles y militares.

Objective: to review the existing literature where we inquired for injury types or illness identified in victims of improvised explosive devices (IED), and also to look for individual and collective processes described in literature in relation with the protection or destruction of human's health and IEDs. Methodology: exploratory systematic review of the literature published on PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, JSTOR, OpenGrey and Google Scholar databases between 2001 and 2022, in any geographic location. We included research, review and opinion articles, books and book chapters reporting research results, and final technical reports in English, Spanish, French and Portuguese. Results: 76 documents met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Multiple types of injuries have been reported in relation with the use of IEDs, without a characteristic pattern of injury or disease reported; however, the most common injury is bilateral lower limb amputation. In survivors it has been found that affected military personnel tend to show greater resilience capacity, better quality of life, timely treatment, and higher functional physical capacity, compared to civilians. Social support generates positive health effects and wellness of people affected by IED. Conclusion: IEDs generate multiple effects on human health, both physical and psychosocial, which is why comprehensive and multidisciplinary care is required for the treatment, rehabilitation, and reintegration of their victims. The protective and destructive processes identified are associated with better or worse health outcomes, with unequal representation between civilians and military personnel.

Objetivo: Revisar a literatura existente investigando os tipos de lesão ou doença que foram identificados em sobreviventes de artefatos explosivos improvisados ​​(IED), bem como aspectos individuais e coletivos relacionados à proteção ou destruição da saúde humana diante de IEDs. Metodologia: Revisão sistemática exploratória da literatura publicada nas bases de dados Pubmed, Scielo, Lilacs, JSTORE, Open Gray e Google Acadêmico, entre 2001 e 2021 em qualquer localidade geográfica. Foram incluídos artigos de pesquisa, revisão ou reflexão, livros ou capítulos de livros de pesquisa, relatórios técnicos, em inglês, espanhol, francês e português. Resultados: Atenderam aos critérios de inclusão e foram revisados ​​76 documentos. Múltiplas lesões associadas ao uso de IEDs foram relatadas, sem um padrão característico de lesão ou doença; entretanto, a lesão mais comum é a amputação bilateral de membros inferiores. Nos sobreviventes, verificou-se que os militares acometidos tendem a apresentar maior resiliência, qualidade de vida, tratamento oportuno e maior capacidade física funcional, em comparação aos civis. O apoio social gera efeitos positivos na saúde e bem-estar das pessoas afetadas. Conclusões: Os IEDs geram múltiplos efeitos na saúde humana, física e psicossocial, que requerem atenção integral e multidisciplinar para o tratamento, reabilitação e reintegração dos sobreviventes. Os aspectos protetores e destrutivos identificados estão associados a melhores ou piores resultados de saúde, com representação desigual entre civis e militares.

Análise dos feminicídios no estado de Pernambuco: violência de gênero e invisibilidade / Analysis of femicides in the state of Pernambuco: gender-based violence and invisibility / Análisis de los feminicidios en el estado de Pernambuco: violencia de género e invisibilidad

O feminicídio é um fenômeno decorrente da herança patriarcal machista e de estruturas sociais historicamente permeadas por relações desiguais de gênero. O objetivo desta dissertação, que é um estudo ecológico, foi analisar os aspectos epidemiológicos dos feminicídios registrados em Pernambuco, entre 2016 e 2019. Como proxy dos eventos de feminicídio, foi admitido como referência o registro de homicídios e de mortes por causas indeterminadas de mulheres no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade. Foram estabelecidas etapas de buscas com o linkage probabilístico em bases de dados da saúde e, de forma complementar, de revisões manuais em plataforma do Tribunal de Justiça de Pernambuco (TJPE) e mídias noticiosas online. Realizou-se a descrição dos dados mediante a distribuição de frequências, medidas de tendência central e dispersão. Para analisar o padrão espacial das taxas de feminicídio, foram utilizados o método bayesiano empírico local e o índice de autocorrelação de Moran. Aplicou-se a regressão logística hierarquizada para verificar a associação entre o feminicídio e a violência interpessoal e estimar a razão de chances (Odds Ratio) com intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Assim, foram localizados 490 feminicídios, o que correspondeu a uma taxa de 2,5 por 100.000 mulheres. A maior proporção de feminicídios foi identificada pela busca manual em mídias noticiosas online e na base processual do TJPE (n = 247; 50,41%). As características principais das vítimas são: idade entre 20 e 39 anos (n = 286; 58,37%); raça/cor negra (n = 400; 81,63%); sem companheiro(a) (n = 407; 83,06%); e escolaridade superior a oito anos de estudo (n = 303; 61,84%). A autocorrelação espacial do evento foi confirmada pelo índice global de Moran das taxas suavizadas (I = 0,3; p = 0,001); a autocorrelação local reforça a interiorização do evento ao apontar área crítica (Q1) formada por municípios localizados na macrorregião do Vale do São Francisco e Araripe. No nível de determinação distal, identificou-se que as seguintes variáveis elevam as chances de ocorrência do feminicídio: residir em município de pequeno porte (OR = 2,10); indisponibilidade de delegacias especializadas no atendimento à mulher (OR = 1,11); e ausência de encaminhamentos para rede assistencial e protetiva na oportunidade de agressão anterior (OR = 1,32). Nos determinantes intermediários, destacou-se que, quanto maior é a intensidade do meio de ação empregado na prática da violência, maior é a chance do desfecho fatal, ressaltando-se o uso de objeto perfurocortante (OR = 3,93) e arma de fogo (OR = 11,14). E, acerca dos determinantes proximais, as vítimas inseridas na faixa etária entre 10 e 19 anos apresentaram menor chance quanto à ocorrência de feminicídio (OR = 0,51). A caracterização da população de estudo pode proporcionar a ampliação dos conhecimentos sobre violência estrutural contra as mulheres, aspectos da notificação e da rede assistencial e protetiva. A análise espacial identificou a interiorização do evento e áreas de transição em Pernambuco, as quais requerem priorização de intervenções. E a modelagem evidenciou que as mulheres estão expostas a múltiplos fatores de risco para a ocorrência de feminicídio, de forma que a discussão, de modo particularizado a todos os níveis de determinação, faz-se ainda mais necessária.

Feminicide results from the sexist patriarchal heritage and social structures historically permeated by unequal gender relations. This ecological study analyzes the epidemiological aspects of feminicides recorded in Pernambuco between 2016 and 2019. Records of homicides and undetermined causes of death of women available in the Mortality Information System were the proxy for feminicide events and accepted as reference. Search steps were established with probabilistic linkage in health databases, as well as manual reviews on the Pernambuco Court of Justice (TJPE) platform and online news media as a complement. Data were described by the distribution of frequencies, measures of central tendency and dispersion. Local empirical Bayesian method and Moran's autocorrelation index were used in the spatial pattern analysis of femicide rates. Hierarchical logistic regression was applied to verify the association between femicide and interpersonal violence and to estimate the Odds Ratio with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Search returned a total of 490 feminicides, corresponding to a rate of 2.5 per 100,000 women. The highest proportion of feminicides was identified by manual search in online news media and in the TJPE database (n = 247; 50.41%). Most victims were aged between 20 and 39 years (n = 286; 58.37%), black (n = 400; 81.63%), had no partner (n = 407; 83.06%) and with over eight years of schooling (n = 303; 61.84%). Spatial autocorrelation of the event was confirmed by the Global Moran Index of smoothed rates (I = 0.3; p = 0.001). Local autocorrelation reinforces the interiorization of the phenomenon by pointing to a critical area (Q1) formed by municipalities located in the Vale do São Francisco and Araripe macroregion. At the distal level, the following variables increase the chances of feminicide: living in a small city (OR = 2.10); unavailability of specialized police stations (OR = 1.11); and absence of referrals to the care and protection network in the event of a previous aggression (OR = 1.32). Regarding intermediate determinants, the greater the violence inflicted the greater the chance of a fatal outcome, emphasizing the use of sharp objects (OR = 3.93) and firearms (OR = 11.14). Regarding proximal determinants, victims in the age group 10-19 years old were less likely to be a victim of femicide (OR = 0.51). Characterizing the study population can further knowledge about structural violence against women, and aspects of the notification and the care and protection network. Spatial analysis pointed to the interiorization of the phenomenon and transition areas in Pernambuco, requiring prioritization of interventions. The modeling showed that women are exposed to multiple risk factors for feminicide and further discussions at all levels of determination are necessary.

El feminicidio es un fenómeno derivado de la herencia patriarcal machista y de estructuras sociales históricamente permeadas por relaciones desiguales de género. Este estudio de tipo ecológico tuvo por objetivo analizar los aspectos epidemiológicos de los feminicidios registrados en Pernambuco, en el período entre 2016 y 2019. Como proxy de los eventos de feminicidio, se utilizó como referencia el registro de homicidios y de causas indeterminadas de muertes de mujeres en el Sistema de Informaciones sobre Mortalidad. Se establecieron etapas de búsquedas con vinculación probabilística en las bases de datos de salud y, de forma complementaria, búsquedas manuales en la plataforma del Tribunal de Justicia de Pernambuco (TJPE) y medios en línea. Para describir los datos se utilizaron la distribución de frecuencias, medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Para analizar el padrón espacial de las tasas de feminicidio se emplearon el método bayesiano empírico local y el índice de autocorrelación de Moran. Se aplicó la regresión logística jerarquizada para constatar la asociación entre el feminicidio y la violencia interpersonal, y estimar la razón de posibilidades (Odds Ratio) con intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%). Los resultados apuntaron a 490 feminicidios, lo que correspondió a una tasa de 2,5 por 100.000 mujeres. La mayor proporción de feminicidios se identificó mediante la búsqueda manual en prensa en línea y en la base procesal del TJPE (n = 247; 50,41%). Las principales características de las víctimas fueron edad entre 20 y 39 años (n = 286; 58,37%), raza/color negro (n = 400; 81,63%), sin compañero(a) (n = 407; 83,06%) y nivel de estudios superior a ocho años de estudio (n = 303; 61,84%). La autocorrelación espacial del evento se confirmó mediante el índice de Moran global de las tasas suavizadas (I = 0,3, p = 0,001); la autocorrelación local refuerza la interiorización del evento al señalar área crítica (Q1) formada por municipios situados en la macrorregión del Valle de São Francisco y Araripe. En el nivel de determinación distal se identificó que las siguientes variables aumentan las posibilidades de feminicidio: residir en municipio de pequeño tamaño, (OR = 2,10); indisponibilidad de comisarías especializadas en la atención a la mujer (OR = 1,1); y ausencia de remisiones a la red asistencial y protectora en la ocasión de agresión anterior (OR = 1,32). En los determinantes intermediarios, se destacó que cuanto mayor es la intensidad del medio de acción empleado en la práctica de la violencia, mayor es la posibilidad de desenlace fatal, destacándose el empleo de objeto cortopunzante (OR = 3,93) y arma de fuego (OR = 11,14). En cuanto a los determinantes proximales, las víctimas comprendidas en el tramo de edad comprendido entre los 10 y los 19 años presentaron menos posibilidad de incidencia de feminicidio (OR = 0,51). La caracterización de la población de estudio puede proporcionar la ampliación de los conocimientos sobre violencia estructural contra la mujer, aspectos de la notificación y de la red asistencial protectora. El análisis espacial identificó la interiorización del evento y áreas de transición en Pernambuco, las cuales requieren priorización de las intervenciones. Y el modelaje reveló que las mujeres están expuestas a múltiples factores de riesgo para la incidencia de feminicidio y el debate, de modo particularizado de todos los niveles de determinación, se hace todavía más necesario.

[The necessary response of health services to gender violence. Comprehensive care and provision of integrated services]. / La respuesta necesaria de los servicios de salud ante la violencia de género. Atención integral y prestación de servicios integrados.

Gender violence has multiple and serious consequences for the health of victims and their families, hence the reason for the important role that the health system plays in addressing it. Health professionals have a key role in the response, which must include early detection, care, and follow-up; actions in which primary care, because of its privileged position in the system, can play a fundamental part. This article establishes the necessary characteristics for the intervention to be effective: comprehensive care, multidisciplinary approach, intersectoral coordination, and integrated service provision; all of it community-oriented, person-centered, and adapted to its context (social factors and vulnerabilities) with an intersectional approach. The woman, her sons and daughters, and other cohabitants, as well as the perpetrator, are considered the object of intervention in the response, and specific guidelines for action are provided for detection, care, and follow-up. Reorientation of interventions, with emphasis on a community approach, is also proposed.

Violência contra mulher parda e preta durante a pandemia: revisão de escopo / Violencia contra mujeres pardas y negras durante la pandemia: revisión de alcance / Violence against brown and black women during the pandemic: a scoping review

Resumo Objetivo Mapear e sumarizar as principais evidências disponíveis sobre a violência por parceiro íntimo contra a mulher parda e preta durante a pandemia COVID-19. Métodos Trata-se de uma revisão de escopo nas bases de dados National Library of Medicine, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science, Excerpa Medica DataBASE, PsycINFO - APA PsycNET e Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde. Os critérios de inclusão foram estudos sobre violência interpessoal contra a mulher parda e preta após o decreto de pandemia COVID-19, perpetrada por parceiro íntimo, publicados a partir de 2020, nos idiomas português, espanhol ou inglês. Excluíram-se editoriais, cartas resposta, retratações e estudos voltados à violência autoprovocada. Foi realizada análise descritiva. Resultados Foram obtidos 26 estudos e após a seleção obteve-se a amostra de oito artigos, publicados entre 2020 e 2022. Os resultados evidenciaram estudos majoritariamente norte-americanos, contudo apontaram para a violência por parceiro íntimo contra a mulher parda e preta como um fenômeno global durante a pandemia. As vítimas apresentavam múltiplas condições de vulnerabilidade e encontraram várias barreiras de acesso aos serviços de saúde e segurança pública, incluindo o racismo. Medidas de prevenção e controle foram escassas e geraram consequências à saúde integral da mulher. Conclusão O fenômeno foi caracterizado como um agravo global durante a pandemia COVID-19. Estratégias de enfrentamento individuais, coletivas e políticas foram criadas pelas vítimas. Políticas públicas de prevenção e controle da violência por parceiro íntimo não foram adequadamente aplicadas em muitos países durante a pandemia.

Resumen Objetivo Mapear y resumir las principales evidencias disponibles sobre la violencia contra mujeres pardas y negras por parte de la pareja íntima durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos Se trata de una revisión de alcance en las bases de datos National Library of Medicine, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science, Excerpa Medica DataBASE, PsycINFO - APA PsycNET y Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud. Los criterios de inclusión fueron estudios sobre violencia interpersonal contra mujeres pardas y negras después del decreto de pandemia de COVID-19, ejercida por su pareja íntima, publicados a partir de 2020, en idioma portugués, español o inglés. Se excluyeron editoriales, cartas de respuesta, retractaciones y estudios sobre violencia autoprovocada. Se realizó análisis descriptivo. Resultados Se obtuvieron 26 estudios y, después de la selección, se obtuvo una muestra de ocho artículos, publicados entre 2020 y 2022. Los resultados evidenciaron estudios mayormente norteamericanos, pero señalaron que la violencia contra mujeres pardas y negras por parte de su pareja íntima fue un fenómeno global durante la pandemia. Las víctimas presentaron múltiples condiciones de vulnerabilidad y encontraron varias barreras de acceso a los servicios de salud y seguridad pública, inclusive racismo. Las medidas de prevención y control fueron escasas y generaron consecuencias en la salud integral de las mujeres. Conclusión El fenómeno fue caracterizado como un agravio global durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Las estrategias de enfrentamiento individuales, colectivas y políticas fueron creadas por las víctimas. Las políticas públicas de prevención y control de la violencia por parte de pareja íntima no fueron aplicadas adecuadamente en muchos países durante la pandemia. Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/bdsf7/

Abstract Objective To map and summarize the main available evidence on intimate partner violence against brown and black women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This is a scoping review carried out in the National Library of Medicine, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science, Excerpa Medica DataBASE, PsycINFO - APA PsycNET and Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences databases. Studies on interpersonal violence against brown and black women after the COVID-19 pandemic decree, perpetrated by an intimate partner, published from 2020 onwards in Portuguese, Spanish or English, were included. Editorials, response letters, retractions and studies focused on self-inflicted violence were excluded. Descriptive analysis was carried out. Results A total of 26 studies were obtained, and after selection, a sample of eight articles was obtained, published between 2020 and 2022. The results showed mostly North American studies, however, they pointed to intimate partner violence against brown and black women as a global phenomenon during the pandemic. The victims presented multiple conditions of vulnerability and encountered several barriers to accessing health and public safety services, including racism. Prevention and control measures were scarce and had consequences for women's overall health. Conclusion The phenomenon was characterized as a global problem during the COVID-19 pandemic. Individual, collective and political coping strategies were created by the victims. Public policies to prevent and control intimate partner violence were not adequately implemented in many countries during the pandemic. Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/bdsf7/

Experiencia cotidiana de personas con trauma ocular y maxilo facial producto de violencia por agentes del Estado en el contexto del estallido social chileno: aproximaciones desde una perspectiva de derechos humanos / Experiência cotidiana de pessoas com trauma ocular e maxilofacial resultante de violência por agentes do Estado no contexto da crise social chilena: aproximações a partir de uma perspectiva de direitos humanos / Daily experience of people with ocular and maxillofacial trauma as a result of violence by State agents in the context of the Chilean social outbreak: approaches from a human rights perspective

Resumen Introducción La violenta represión ocurrida en Chile durante el estallido social (2019-2020) dejó un número sin precedentes de personas lesionadas con resultado de trauma ocular y maxilofacial producto de la acción de agentes del Estado, desatando una crisis socio-sanitaria que requirió del abordaje las problemáticas de salud con énfasis en el daño estructural y funcional. Objetivo Analizar la experiencia cotidiana de personas afectadas por trauma ocular y/o maxilofacial desde una perspectiva de derechos humanos, con énfasis en aportar antecedentes que contribuyan a los procesos de apoyo funcional y psicosocial. Método Estudio de enfoque cualitativo, considerando el análisis de 3 entrevistas en profundidad centradas en la experiencia cotidiana producida a raíz de la violencia policial. Éstas se analizaron en base a la técnica de análisis de contenido, con una posterior triangulación. Resultados Se apreciaron una serie de interferencias y repercusiones cotidianas producto del trauma, generando el fenómeno de una cotidianidad interferida, además del extrañamiento de sí misma/o. Se discutió sobre el contraste entre las experiencias y expectativas de la atención en salud y procesos de reparación, que resultan aún insuficientes y tienden hacia la revictimización. Conclusión El acceso a rehabilitación funcional y psicosocial es parte fundamental de los procesos de reparación integral de las personas que vivieron estas experiencias traumáticas durante el estallido social. Es fundamental que los dispositivos sanitarios y judiciales profundicen abordajes desde una perspectiva de derechos humanos incorporando el enfoque de género para cumplir los principios de verdad, justicia, reparación y garantías de no repetición.

Resumo Introdução A violenta repressão ocorrida no Chile durante a crise social (2019-2020) deixou um número sem precedentes de pessoas feridas por traumas oculares e maxilofaciais, produto da ação de agentes do Estado, desencadeando uma crise sociossanitária que exigiu a abordagem dos problemas de saúde com ênfase nos danos estruturais e funcionais. Objetivo Analisar a experiência cotidiana de pessoas acometidas por traumas oculares e/ou maxilofaciais sob a ótica dos direitos humanos, com ênfase no fornecimento de informações básicas que contribuam para os processos de apoio funcional e psicossocial. Método Estudo com abordagem qualitativa, considerando a análise de três entrevistas em profundidade, focadas na experiência cotidiana produzida em decorrência da violência policial. Estas foram analisadas ​​com base na técnica de análise de conteúdo, com posterior triangulação de dados. Resultados Observou-se uma série de interferências e repercussões cotidianas em decorrência do trauma, gerando o fenômeno de uma cotidianidade interferida, além do estranhamento de si mesma/o. Discutiu-se o contraste entre as experiências e expectativas da atenção em saúde e processos de reparação, que ainda são insuficientes e tendem à revitimização. Conclusão O acesso à reabilitação funcional e psicossocial é parte fundamental dos processos de reparação integral e psicossocial das pessoas que vivenciaram essas experiências traumáticas durante a crise social. É fundamental que os dispositivos sanitários e judiciais aprofundem as abordagens desde uma perspectiva dos direitos humanos, incorporando o enfoque de gênero para cumprir os princípios de verdade, justiça, reparação e garantias de não repetição.

Abstract Introduction The violent repression that occurred in Chile during the social outbreak (2019-2020) left an unprecedented number of people injured as a result of ocular and maxillofacial trauma as a result of the action by state agents, unleashing a socio-sanitary crisis that required the approach of health problems with an emphasis on structural and functional damage. Objective To analyze the daily experience of people affected by ocular and/or maxillofacial trauma from a human rights perspective, with emphasis on providing background information that contributes to functional and psychosocial support processes. Method Study with a qualitative approach, considering the analysis of three in-depth interviews focused on the daily experience produced as a result of police violence. These were analyzed based on the content analysis technique, with subsequent triangulation. Results A series of interferences and daily repercussions as a result of the trauma were observed, generating the phenomenon of an interfered daily life in addition to self-estrangement. The contrast between the experiences and expectations of health care and reparation processes was discussed, which are still insufficient and tend towards re-victimization. Conclusion Access to functional and psychosocial rehabilitation is a fundamental part of the processes of integral and psychosocial repair for the people who lived through these traumatic experiences during the social outbreak. It is essential that health and judicial mechanisms deepen approaches from a human rights perspective, incorporating the gender approach to comply with the principles of truth, justice, reparation, and guarantees of non-repetition.

Fatores associados ao homicídio de mulheres no Brasil, segundo raça/cor, 2016-2020 / Factors associated with homicides of women in Brazil, by race or colour, 2016-2020

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar as taxas de homicídios contra mulheres residentes no Brasil, segundo unidades da federação e raça/cor, no período de 2016 a 2020. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico de tendência temporal. Foi realizada análise múltipla adotando-se modelo de regressão para dados longitudinais. No período, ocorreram no Brasil 20.405 homicídios de mulheres e as taxas padronizadas mostraram que as mulheres negras (6,1/100.000) apresentaram as maiores taxas, em comparação às brancas (3,4/100.000). O Brasil apresentou queda de 25,2% de 2016 a 2020. A taxa de homicídio variou de 4,7 mortes por 100 mil mulheres em 2016 para 3,5 em 2020, mas a tendência decrescente e estatisticamente significante foi observada nas taxas de mulheres negras e brancas. As variáveis IDH, taxa de analfabetismo e proporção de causas mal definidas apresentaram uma relação inversa e estatisticamente significante com as taxas de homicídio de mulheres. Nos anos de 2019 e 2020 houve uma diminuição da taxa média de homicídio em relação ao ano de 2016. Apesar do decrescimento na evolução temporal das taxas para negras e brancas, houve diferenças raciais importantes nos homicídios de mulheres, com piores resultados para as mulheres negras.

Abstract This ecological, time-trend study examined rates of homicide against women residing in Brazil, by state and race/colour, from 2016 to 2020, by performing. Multiple analysis by regression model on longitudinal data. During the study period, 20,405 homicides of women were recorded in Brazil. Standardised homicides rates were higher among black women (6.1/100,000) than among white women (3.4/100,000). From 2016 to 2020, rates decreased 25.2%, from 4.7 deaths per 100,000 women in 2016 to 3.5 in 2020, with a statistically significant downward trend among both black and white women. Statistically significant inverse relationships were found between female homicide rates and HDI, illiteracy rate and proportion of ill-defined causes. The average homicide rate decreased in 2019 and 2020, as compared with 2016. Despite the decreasing time trend in homicide rates for both black and white women, they differed substantially by race, with worse outcomes for black women.

Violência e vulnerabilização: o cotidiano de jovens negros e negras em periferias de duas capitais brasileiras / Violence and vulnerability: the everyday life of black youth in suburbs of two Brazilian state capitals

Resumo A violência é um grave problema de saúde pública e constitui um fenômeno sócio-histórico, com causas e consequências diversas e múltiplas expressões. As principais vítimas seguem sendo as populações vulnerabilizadas e periféricas, nas quais se interseccionam dimensões como gênero, classe, raça e pertencimento social. Embora as questões étnico-raciais estejam presentes nos estudos que explicam o fenômeno da violência, estes tendem a não a considerar também fruto do racismo institucional. Este artigo pretende analisar dados de uma pesquisa quali-quanti que avaliou experiências de violência simbólica e estrutural vivenciadas por jovens negros/as de 15 a 29 anos de idade e moradores/as de bairros periféricos de duas capitais brasileiras - Recife e Fortaleza, a partir de grupos focais e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Foram enfatizados os lugares de fala que situavam a interseccionalidade, sobretudo de raça/cor da pele, pertencimento territorial e classe, na própria definição identitária. Em ambas as capitais a juventude negra trouxe à tona uma realidade comum: um horizonte limitado na definição de projetos de vida, tanto por questões econômicas quanto da demarcação concreta ou simbólica de lugares sociais para os quais seu acesso é interditado.

Abstract Violence is a serious public health issue and constitutes a historical social phenomenon with diverse causes and consequences, and multiple manifestations. The main victims continue to be populations left vulnerable and marginalised, where dimensions including gender, class, race and social belonging intersect. Although studies to explain the phenomenon of violence do address ethnic and racial issues, they tend not to consider violence as stemming also from institutional racism. This paper examines data from a qualitative and quantitative study drawing on focus groups and semi-structured interviews to evaluate symbolic and structural violence experienced by young black people from 15 to 29 years old residing in peripheral neighbourhoods of two Brazilian state capitals - Recife and Fortaleza. The focus is on their standpoints that situate the intersectionality, especially among race/skin colour, territorial belonging and class, in the very definition of identity. In both capitals, the young black people revealed a common reality: life projects constrained by economic limitations and by the concrete or symbolic demarcation of social spaces to which they are denied access.